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A Review of Phytogenic Feed Additives in Aquaculture: Applications, Benefits, and Challenges
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R. Kazempoor   , S.S. Alavinezhad , M.M. Pargari , Y.S. Shakeri , M.M. Haghighi |
| Department of Aquatic Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. |
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Abstract: (9 Views) |
Feed production represents the largest operational cost in aquaculture. Consequently, considerable attention has been directed toward the development of sustainable and cost-effective feed additives derived from natural resources. Among these, phytogenics, including herbs, spices, plant extracts, essential oils, oleoresins, and plant-derived by-products, have emerged as promising functional additives for aquatic animal nutrition. In addition to providing a sustainable use for agricultural and fruit-processing wastes, phytogenic additives offer a wide range of biological activities that may enhance fish and shrimp health and performance.
The beneficial effects of phytogenics are largely attributed to their bioactive secondary metabolites, which can stimulate feed intake, improve digestive enzyme secretion, enhance nutrient utilization, modulate intestinal microbiota, and strengthen immune responses. Numerous studies have reported antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and growth-promoting effects of phytogenic compounds in aquatic animals. These properties have increased interest in their use as natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.
Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the application of phytogenics in aquaculture, their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Further research is required to evaluate their long-term effects on host physiology, gut microbiota, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. A better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the safe and effective incorporation of phytogenic additives into aquafeeds.
This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the use of phytogenic feed additives in aquatic animals, with particular emphasis on their sources, biological functions, benefits, limitations, and future research needs.
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| Keywords: Phytogenics, phytogenic feed additives, aquaculture, fish, shrimp, immune system, growth performance, gut microbiota |
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Full-Text [PDF 814 kb]
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2026/06/14 | Accepted: 2026/05/31 | Published: 2026/05/31
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